Back-end

A functional specification is a high-level design document created before implementation and serves as a true plan for the team. In this article, Toptal Freelance Ruby Developer Alec Ten Harmsel walks us through prototyping an algorithm and creating a functional specification with the help of AsciiDoc and R for a Ruby on Rails project.

Building a mobile app isn't cheap—and the harsh reality is that most apps fail. Find out how to leverage fundamental analytics metrics to make sure your app actually turns a profit.

Flask is a great way to get up and running quickly with a Python applications, but what if you wanted to make something a bit more robust? In this article, Toptal Freelance Python Developer Ivan PoleschyuI shares some tips and useful recipes for building a complete production-ready Flask application.

Types and testable code are two of the most effective ways of avoiding bugs. In this tutorial, discover TypeScript best practices while you create a Discord bot from scratch.

GraphQL is a query language for APIs and can be used to query data from a server while also allowing clients to specify exactly what data is needed. Toptal Freelance Developer Christopher Moore explains how to create a GraphQL server using the Laravel Framework along with walking through some examples including querying relationships, mutations, and authentication.

Wikipedia describes Reactive Programming as “an asynchronous programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change,” but what is it really? In this article, Toptal Freelance WPF Developer Denis Jesus Gonzalez Sanchez demonstrates a WPF app using ReactiveUI with the MVVM pattern and uses it to access a REST API.

GraphQL is a query language for APIs, originally developed by Facebook for internal use. Since its public release, GraphQL has been compared to REST and other architectures. In this article, Toptal JavaScript Developer Marcos Henrique da Silva demonstrates how to create a GraphQL Node.js API, and explains why you should try it, too.

Static websites are simple and fast, but it's also possible to automate updates to them to keep them fresh and relevant. Find out how to generate daily-updated HTML pages that track the latest releases of popular GitHub repositories.