Toptal Management Consulting Expert
Will Spotify's Non-IPO Pave the Way for Tech Companies?
This year, Spotify will move its headquarters from Manhattan’s Chelsea neighborhood downtown to the Financial District. Beyond its physical presence, Spotify will also make its mark at NYSE when it goes public via direct listing, an unusual choice. What is expected to be the largest tech public debut of 2018 has set Wall Street and the music industry abuzz, with everyone eager to see how this unconventional approach will play out.
This article covers everything you need to know: a brief overview of the typical IPO process, how the direct listing will function, why Spotify chose to buck tradition, potential motivations behind the decision, and its potential implications.

Melissa Lin
Melissa has worked in ECM, tech startups, and management consulting, advising Fortune 500 companies across multiple sectors.
Price Elasticity 2.0: From Theory to the Real World
Price elasticity theory was once the haunt of classical economists, with loose applications in the real world. Today, companies such as Uber, with its sheer volume of data and surge algorithms, are able to continuously triangulate price elasticities in real time to manipulate demand, moment-to-moment.
This article introduces the fundamentals of price elasticity of demand theory before taking us back into the real world, where theory will meet both big data and consumer psychology to create new possibilities.

Orinola Gbadebo-Smith
Ori an investor cum entrepreneur with experience across M&A, PE, VC and startup operations. He most recently founded a VC-backed startup.
Are Art Investments a Worthwhile Asset Class?
Did you know that, in 2016, $60 billion was invested in art, which was comparable to the exit proceeds from venture capital investing?
This article sheds light on the opaque world of art investments and whether it’s a realistic choice for inclusion in portfolios. The article covers types of art as well as how investments are valued and return performance relative to other assets.

Zachary Elfman
Zach is a modelling, fundamental analysis and valuation expert that has managed money for PE and hedge funds. He now runs his own business.
Investing in Cryptocurrencies: The Ultimate Guide
So, you’ve decided to get exposure to cryptocurrencies. In this newer space, a personal financial advisor may not be of great help. Neither will your banker, unless you are a customer of a limited number of progressive Swiss private banks, which facilitate crypto trading. What now?
This article provides practical information and resources around passive vs. active cryptocurrency investing, how to buy, sell, store, and monitor cryptocurrencies, as well as tax regulations in the space.

Raphael Rottgen, CFA FRM
Raphael is a partner at a crypto hedge fund. Prior, he founded and exited a fintech company, and worked as a banker and equities investor.
The Looming Crisis in Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs)
Millions of Americans depend on continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) for care as they age. In addition to living accommodations and medical services, these facilities also offer complex embedded insurance products that are improperly underwritten and insufficiently regulated.
As a result, many CCRCs are actuarially insolvent, creating a systemic risk that could leave many ageing residents financially and medically exposed at the end of their lives. Management Consultant, Jack Barker, takes us through these sector challenges and shares a proprietary capitalization model that could potentially help alleviate the issues.

Jack Barker
Jack is an ex-McKinsey, ex-Carlyle Principal/Partner with > 30 years of international finance accross telecoms, FIG and industrials.
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Considerations for Raising Your Own Private Equity Fund
Starting a fund is an aspiration harbored by many financiers. While attention tends to focus on investing and deal making, the initial private equity fundraising process is riddled with uncertainty.
This guide presents the main considerations to take when raising a fund, covering the legal, accounting, staffing, and strategic roadblocks that will be encountered.

Martin Kemeny
Martin is an seasoned real estate and PE executive that has completed over $200m of projects and advised a range of Fortune 500 companies.
Everything You Need to Know About the CVS-Aetna Merger
Candy, cosmetics… and medical care? In a vertical merger valued at a whopping $69 billion, your favorite stop-in, CVS, plans to buy Aetna. If it goes through, it will be the largest deal of 2017 and the largest healthcare deal to date.
Amidst all the buzz surrounding the merger, this article elucidates the motivations behind it, including operational cost-cutting, expanded services as a competitive advantage, and threats from both Amazon and UnitedHealth. This piece also explores potential market effects.

Melissa Lin
Melissa has worked in ECM, tech startups, and management consulting, advising Fortune 500 companies across multiple sectors.
An Investor’s Guide to Palm Oil
To the novice investor or otherwise uninitiated, the ubiquity of palm oil as a global commodity cannot be overstated. It is a super crop with EBITDA margins > 50%, is the world’s most consumed edible oil, and is one of the most versatile raw material/substrate bases known to industry.
This article explores the sparsely understood world of palm, including its cultivation, harvest, and application processes; its financial and investment profile; and ultimately the trends governing its future.

Orinola Gbadebo-Smith
Ori is an investor-cum-entrepreneur with experience across M&A, PE, VC and startup operations. He most recently founded a VC-backed startup.
Why Are Emerging Market Currencies Volatile?
The attention on international payments tends to center around innovations appearing in the developed world. But what about developing countries?
This article addresses what contributes to volatility and illiquidity in emerging market currencies, and how they can stabilize to become more flexible.

Pedro Kniphoff
Pedro is an expert in FP&A with extensive experience across emerging markets, most notably as a CFO of a $5Bn revenue business.
Soul Hypercycle and the Wave of New Fitness Boutiques
The fitness industry is large, growing steadily and rapidly evolving. Since the 1980s, health club locations and memberships have more than tripled to 36,000 and 57 million, respectively. Yet, over the past decade, 35% of its customer base has shifted away from incumbent brands.
This article analyzes some of the shifts in the fitness industry that are illustrative of broader economic issues and highlights interesting implications for other consumer-facing businesses.

Matt Dixon
As a sales and finance specialist, Matt has raised over $30m for his businesses, in addition to founding his own wellness company.
Meal Kit Industry Blues: How Can Blue Apron Lift Its Malaise?
In the past five years, Blue Apron has brought meal kits to the masses and commands a 40% market share in the USA. Yet all is not rosy; its financial losses have continually accelerated and it has ceded 17% of its market share in the past year.
Amazon buying Whole Foods on the eve of its 2017 IPO could have just been bad luck, or prescient signs of what’s to come for Blue Apron. This article looks at ways that the business can get its house in order and win back the Millennial kitchen.

Michael Yarmo
Mike’s an expert in the consumer goods and logistics space. As a PE investor he has sold and invested in a range of businessess
2017 Holiday Spending Forecast: Will Be Better Than Expected
Retail investors have had a rough year. The SPDR S&P Retail ETF has underperformed the S&P 500 by nearly 30 percentage points. From eCommerce shifts to higher gas prices, there are plenty of arguments to be made against retail. Yet, there are a couple reasons to be jolly heading into the holiday season that few are talking about.
In this article, Elizabeth Hanano, CFA suggests that low expectations combined with lesser-known tailwinds indicate it may be time to dip a toe back into the retail pond.

Elizabeth J. Howell Hanano, CFA
Elizabeth began her career as an equity analyst and brings a deep understanding of how to unlock value within companies, big and small.
The Wealth of Nations: Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds
Since their emergence in the early 2000s, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF) have been met with both curiosity and trepidation, existing somewhere between return-maximizing asset manager and clandestine government agency.
This article takes us into the $7.4 trillion world of the SWF, shedding light on objectives, ambitions, and mandates as well as allocation strategies.

Orinola Gbadebo-Smith
Ori an investor cum entrepreneur with experience across M&A, PE, VC and startup operations. He most recently founded a VC-backed startup.
Are Corporate Responsibility Efforts Profitable?
Financial purists have long questioned whether corporate, environmental, and social initiatives benefit the bottom line and how to quantify their impact.
In this article, we put aside motive—of genuine altruism or self interest—and philosophical debates around moral obligation. Instead, we examine the results of studies around whether corporate responsibility initiatives positively impact profitability, examples of companies that have implemented such measures successfully, and recommendations for those looking to do so.

Melissa Lin
Melissa has worked in ECM, tech startups, and management consulting, advising Fortune 500 companies across multiple sectors.
Exploring the Bear Case of the Cryptocurrency Bubble
The arguments for a cryptocurrency revolution can tend to sway toward appearing more like get-rich-quick schemes than balanced debates. The regulatory risk overhang, constant scams, and technological immaturity of the movement mean that long-term success is far from certain.
In this article, Jonathan Sterling addresses the other side of the argument: the bear case for a crypto future. He shines a light on the problems blighting cryptocurrencies and some remedies for them, drawing upon comparisons with historic bubbles, some centuries old.
Toptal Talent Network Experts
Small Data, Big Opportunities
By now, most have heard of Big Data – the buzzword du jour across most business circles. In this exploratory piece, Management Consultant, Gregory Thompson, introduces us to the wonderful world of Small Data.
Specifically, he guides us through its broader market dynamics, tools, players and solutions, and includes a practical implementation guide for how small businesses might add analytics as a core-capability to their respective business arsenals.

Gregory Thompson
Greg led corporate development at a tech company, completing many acquisitions and divestitures and growing revenue to over $800m.
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